#1. Which treaty marked one of the first diplomatic agreements between the Muslims and Quraysh in the Prophet’s time?
#2. What was the first Islamic state established by the Prophet ﷺ?
#3. Which empire did the early Muslims face during the Battle of Yarmouk (636 CE)?
#4. The Battle of Qadisiyyah (636 CE) led to the fall of which empire’s control over Iraq?
#5. During which caliphate did Islam spread as far west as Spain and as far east as India?
#6. What was the capital city of the Abbasid Caliphate, known as a global centre of knowledge and trade?
#7. The Crusades were a series of wars between which two powers?
#8. Who was the famous Muslim leader who recaptured Jerusalem from the Crusaders in 1187 CE?
#9. Which empire captured Constantinople in 1453, ending the Byzantine Empire?
#10. Which 20th-century event ended the Ottoman Caliphate?
#11. The Sykes–Picot Agreement (1916) secretly divided which region between Britain and France?
#12. In 1948, which major geopolitical event reshaped the Arab world?
#13. Which agreement normalized relations between Israel and several Arab countries beginning in 2020?
#14. What is one of the key strategic reasons for global attention on the Arabian Peninsula in modern geopolitics?
#15. Which current geopolitical crisis has become one of the world’s worst humanitarian emergencies, with blockades and conflicts affecting millions of Muslims?
